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Delhi Sultanate

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Sultanate of Delhi
سلطنت دهلی (Persian)
Salṭanat-i-Dehlī
1206–1526
Flag of Delhi Sultanate
Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporary Catalan Atlas (c. 1375).[1][2][3]
StatusSultanate
Capital
Official languages
Religion
State religion
Sunni Islam
Others
Hinduism (majority), Jainism, Buddhism, Christianity, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism
GovernmentSultanate
Sultan 
• 1206–1210
Qutb ud-Din Aibak (first)
• 1517–1526
Ibrahim Khan Lodi (last)
LegislatureCorps of Forty (1211–1266)
Historical eraMedieval India
25 June 1206
1 February – 13 June 1290
6 September 1320
17–20 December 1398
21 April 1526
Population
• 1500 estimate
101,000,000[12]
CurrencyTaka
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Ghurid dynasty
Mughal Empire
Bengal Sultanate
Bahmani Sultanate
Gujarat Sultanate
Malwa Sultanate
Khandesh Sultanate
Jaunpur Sultanate
Multan Sultanate
Madurai Sultanate
Today part of

Delhi Sultanate nai to Sultanate of Delhi ek late medieval empire rahaa jon Delhi me based rahaa aur Indian subcontinent ke duusra hissa me bhi faela rahaa, tiin sau saal talak..[13][14][15] Ii sultanate 1206 me suruu bhais rahaa jab pahile ke Ghurid ilaaka ke India me aapan niche kar liis rahaa. Ii sultanate ke itihaas ke paanch periods me baata jaae sake hae: Mamluk (1206–1290), Khalji (1290–1320), Tughlaq (1320–1414), Sayyid (1414–1451), aur Lodi (1451–1526). Ii abhi ke India, Pakistan, Bangladesh ke ek barraa ilaaka aapan niche karis rahaa, aur Nepal ke kuchh dakchhin hissa bhi.[16]

Sultanate Sultanate ke foundation ke Ghurid conqueror Muhammad Ghori bichhaais rahaa, jab uu Rajput Confederacy, jiske Prithviraj Chauhan agwai karis rahaaa, ke 1192 near Tarain, earlier battle ke ulta kar ke, harais rahaa.[17] Ghurid dynasty ke successor rahe ke kaaran, Delhi Sultanate sab se pahile dher principalities pe raaj karat rahin jispe Muhammad Ghori keTurkic slave-generals raaj karat rahin, jisme Taj al-Din Yildiz, Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Bahauddin Tughril aur Nasir ad-Din Qabacha rahaa, jon baata gais Ghurid ilaaka ke apne me baate rahin.[18] Khalji aur Tughlaq ke raaj ke time bahut jaldi se Muslim conquests South India talak bhais rahaa.[19][20][21] Ii sultanate aakhri me aapan chotii pe pahucha Tughlaq dynasty ke time, jisme uulog puura Indian subcontinent Muhammad bin Tughluq ke niche hoe gais rahaa. Ek khaas political transformation North India bhar me bhais, jab Central Asian raaja Timur ke barbaad kare waala raid Delhi pe 1398 mebhais rahaa, jiske baad virodhi Hindu powers jaisr Vijayanagara Samrajya aur Kingdom of Mewar aapan ajaadi fir se lae liin, au nawaa Muslim sultanates jaise Bengal aur Bahmani Sultanate alag hoe gain rahaa.[22][23] In 1526, Timurid raja Babur northern India invade karis rahaa conquered the Sultanate, jisse Mughal Samrajya suruu bhais rahaa.

Delhi Sultanate ke bane ke kaaran Indian subcontinent, international aur multicultural Islamic social aur economic networks ke nagiich hoe gais rahaa,[24] jiske Hindustani language[25] aur Indo-Islamic architecture se dekhaa jaawe hae.[26][27]

  1. ↑ Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the Catalan Atlas (c. 1375): in the depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas
  2. ↑ Kadoi, Yuka (2010). "On the Timurid flag". Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie 2: 148. doi:10.29091/9783954909537/009. https://www.academia.edu/17410816. ""...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602–962/1206–1555)."".
  3. ↑ Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black Abbasid flag, and the red Ghurid flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion.Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942). The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281982/page/n159/mode/2up. ""Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning, the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left, they carried their colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-ud-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon.""Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016) (in en). Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-107-11887-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=-lswCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36., also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938) (in en). The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. ISBN 978-81-7018-092-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=AMogAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA94.
  4. 1 2 Schwartzberg 1978, p. 147.
  5. ↑ Schwartzberg 1978, p. 38.
  6. ↑ Jackson 2003.
  7. 1 2 Schwartzberg 1978, p. 148.
  8. ↑ Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2015). The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-1-4008-6815-5.
  9. ↑ Alam, Muzaffar (1998). "The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics". Modern Asian Studies (Cambridge University Press) 32 (2): 317–349. doi:10.1017/s0026749x98002947. "Hindavi was recognized as a semi-official language by the Sor Sultans (1540–1555) and their chancellery rescripts bore transcriptions in the Devanagari script of the Persian contents. The practice is said to have been introduced by the Lodis (1451–1526).".
  10. ↑ "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  11. ↑ Jackson 2003, p. 28.
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ggdc.net
  13. ↑ Shally-Jensen, Michael; Vivian, Anthony (2022) (in en). A Cultural Encyclopedia of Lost Cities and Civilizations. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-4408-7311-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=YQuXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA171.
  14. ↑ Delhi Sultanate, Encyclopædia Britannica
  15. ↑ A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980
  16. ↑ Chapman, Graham (2016). "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire". In Chisholm, Michael (in en). Shared Space: Divided Space: Essays on Conflict and Territorial Organization. Routledge. pp. 106–134. ISBN 978-1-317-35837-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=tzh-CwAAQBAJ.
  17. ↑ Sugata Bose; Ayesha Jalal (2004) (in en). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. Psychology Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-415-30786-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=6ihNtzxy5GEC&q=Rajput. "It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhammad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later, in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of the first Muslim sultanate..."
  18. ↑ K. A. Nizami (1992). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526). 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 198. https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ.
  19. ↑ Mahajan (2007). History of Medieval India. Chand. p. 121. ISBN 9788121903646. https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=revolution+ceaseless&pg=RA1-PA90.
  20. ↑ Sugata Bose, Ayesha Jalal (1998). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy. Psychology Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780415169523. https://books.google.com/books?id=bodaohHyDRcC&dq=tughlaq+deccan+south+india&pg=PA28.
  21. ↑ M.S. Ahluwalia (1999). "Rajput Muslim Relations (1200–1526 A.D.)". In Shyam Singh Ratnawat. History and Culture of Rajasthan (From Earliest Times upto 1956 A.D.). Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan. p. 135. OCLC 264960720. "The Khaiji rule proved much stronger for the Rajput principalities ... A new wave of invasions and conquests began, which ended only when practically the whole of India had been bought under the sway of the Delhi kingdom."
  22. ↑ Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998, ISBN 0-415-15482-0, pp. 187–190.
  23. ↑ Smith 1920, Ch. 2, p. 218.
  24. ↑ Asher & Talbot 2008, pp. 50–52.
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named brown2008
  26. ↑ A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India", Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, pp. 311–322.
  27. ↑ J. A. Page, Guide to the Qutb, Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, pp. 2–7.
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