Darsansastr
Darsansastr (Philosophy), dunia, universe, aur admii ke baare me ek rakam ke soche ke dhang hae. Ek philosophy kuchh idea hae jiske ek philosopher work our karis hae. Philosophy ke soche ke dhang abstract hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii chij ke chhua nai jawa jaae sake hae. Lekin iske matlab ii nai hae ki philosophy aslii dunia ke baare me nai hae.
Kabhi kabhi admii log "personal philosophy" ke baare me baat kare hae, jiske matlab hae ki jaise koi dunia ke baare me soche hae.
Hajaaro saal se philosopher logan ii sawaal kare hae ki:
- Achchhai kon chij hae?
- Sundarta kon chij hae
- Ham log jion chij magta hae ka uske kare sakta hae?
- Bhagwan hae ki nai?
Itihaas
[badlo | source ke badlo]Western
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Western darsansasastr, puraana Greece se 6th century BCE me pre-Socratics se suruu bhais rahaa. Uu log puura brahmaand (cosmos) ke sanjhae ke kosis kare rahin.[2] Iske baad waala philosophy ke banae me Socrates (469–399 BCE), Plato (427–347 BCE), aur Aristotle (384–322 BCE) ke haanth rahaa. Uu log jon topics ke philosophy me vover kare ke chaahi ke barrhae ke Ethics, Epistemology, aur Metaphysics aur mind ke bhi isme jorrin.[3] Puraana jamaana ke baad waala time me philosophical movements, jaise, Epicureanism, Stoicism, Skepticism, aur Neoplatonism suruu bhais rahaa.[4] 5th century CE ke baad log puraana philosophy ke kaam me laae ke Isai dharam ke samjhae ke kosis kare rahin.[5][6]
14th century ke puraana philosophy me fir se interest jaagis, khaas kar ke Platonism.[7] 17th century se philosophy me vigyan aur realism ke jorre ke kosis karaa gais rahaa.[8] Age of enlightenment me traditional authority ke challenge karaa gais rahaa.[9] 19th century me me ek puura philosophy ke banae ke kosis karaa gais rahaa Germany ke idealism aur Marxism se.
Arabic-Persian
[badlo | source ke badlo]_Mausoleum_-_Hamadan_-_Western_Iran_(7423560860).jpg)
Arabic–Persian philosophy 9th century CE me suruu bhais rahaa, jiske kaaran Islamic theological tradition ke discussion rahaa. Iske classical jamaana 12th century CE talak chalaa aur ii puraana Greece ke philosophy se influenced rahaa. Ii uu log ke sikchha ke kaam me laae ke Quran ke samjhae ke kosis kare rahin.[10]
Indian
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Indian adrsansastr, aur sanskriti se alag hae kaaheki ki ii asliyat aur kaise gyan paawa jaae hae ke dharam aur kaise moskha mile hae, ke jorre hae.[11] Ii lagbhag 900 BCE me suruu bhais rahaa jab Vedas likha gais rahaa. Vedas, Hinduism ke pahila scripture hae aur isme atman (self) aur brahman, aur kaise atma (soul) kaise fir se paida hoe hae ek jan ke karma pe nirbhar rahe hae, ke baare me bataawa gais hae.[12] Ii time non-Vedic sikchha, jaise Buddhism aur Jainism bhi faela rahaa.[13] Budhism ke Gautama Buddha suruu karis rahaa, jon vedic bichaar ke atman (self) permanent hae se agree nai karis aur ii propose karis ki ek jan kaise dukh se sam time khatir mokha le sake hae.[13] Jainism was founded by Mahavira (599–527 BCE), who emphasized non-violence as well as respect toward all forms of life.[14]
Baad ke jamaana me, jon lagbhag 200BCE me suruu bhais rahaa[15]}} me chhe orthodox schools Hinduism suruu bhais rahaa:Nyāyá, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, and Vedanta.[16] Advaita Vedanta yahii jamaana me baad me suruu bhais rahaa. Iske Adi Shankara suruu karis rahaa, jon ii batais ki sab chij ek hae aur ii sochna ki universe me dher rakam ke chij hae, ek maya (illusion) hae. [17] Isse thhorra alag bichaar Ramanuja (1017–1137 CE) ke rahaa, jon Vishishtadvaita Vedanta school ke suruu karis rahaa aur ii daawa karis ki har ek chij, ekke chij ke hissa hae. Uu Bhakti movement ke barrhaawa diis rahaa, jon ii sikchhaa dewat rahaa ki dhrmic rasta pe chale ke chaahi, aur ii 17th se 18th century talak chalaa rahaa.[18] Nawaa jamaanalagbhag 1800 CE me suruu bhais rahaa aur isme western bichar ke saamil karaa gais rahaa.[19] Isme ke sab se famous rahaa Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902 CE) jon Advaita Vedanta ke sikchhaa ke kaam me laae ke ii daawa karis ki sab dharam ekke bhagwaan ke lage lae jaawe hae.[20] 20th century me isme logic, bhasa jaise chij ke saamil karaa gais rahaa.[21]
Chinese
[badlo | source ke badlo]Kuchh philosophers
[badlo | source ke badlo]Purana Greek Philosophers
[badlo | source ke badlo]Baad ke European/Western Philosophers
[badlo | source ke badlo]- Niccolo Machiavelli
- Thomas Hobbes
- René Descartes
- John Locke
- Baruch Spinoza
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- Bishop George Berkeley
- David Hume
- Immanuel Kant
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Auguste Comte
- Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel
- Arthur Schopenhauer
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Friedrich Engels
- John Stuart Mill
- Søren Kierkegaard
- Karl Marx
- Friedrich Nietzsche
Nawaa European and American Philosophers
[badlo | source ke badlo]- Bertrand Russell
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Jean-Paul Sartre
- Simone de Beauvoir
- Ayn Rand
- Karl Popper
- Willard Van Orman Quine
- Eugene T. Gendlin
- Noam Chomsky
- John Rawls
- David Chalmers
- George S. Rofls
- Christian DeQuincey
Asian/Eastern Philosophers
[badlo | source ke badlo]- Confucius
- Lao Tzu
- Siddhārta Gautama (the Gautama Buddha)
- Acharya Madhwa (Madhavacharya)
Duusra websites
[badlo | source ke badlo]- ↑ Shields 2022, Lead Section.
- ↑
- (Blackson 2011, Introduction)
- (Graham 2023, Lead Section, 1. Presocratic Thought)
- (Duignan 2010, pp. 9–11)
- ↑
- (Graham 2023, Lead Section, 2. Socrates, 3. Plato, 4. Aristotle)
- (Grayling 2019, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)
- ↑
- (Long 1986, p. 1)
- (Blackson 2011, Chapter 10)
- (Graham 2023, 6. Post-Hellenistic Thought)
- ↑
- (Duignan 2010, p. 9)
- (Lagerlund 2020, p. v)
- (Marenbon 2023, Lead Section)
- (MacDonald & Kretzmann 1998, Lead Section)
- ↑
- (Grayling 2019, Part II: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy)
- (Adamson 2019, pp. 3–4)
- ↑
- (Parkinson 2005, pp. 1, 3)
- (Adamson 2022, pp. 155–157)
- (Grayling 2019, Philosophy in the Renaissance)
- (Chambre et al. 2023, Renaissance Philosophy)
- ↑
- (Grayling 2019, The Rise of Modern Thought; The Eighteenth-century Enlightenment)
- (Anstey & Vanzo 2023, pp. 236–237)
- ↑
- (Grayling 2019, The Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment)
- (Kenny 2006, pp. 90–92)
- ↑
- (Adamson & Taylor 2004, p. 1)
- (EB Staff 2020)
- (Grayling 2019, Arabic–Persian Philosophy)
- (Adamson 2016, pp. 5–6)
- ↑
- (Smart 2008, p. 3)
- (Grayling 2019, Indian Philosophy)
- ↑
- (Perrett 2016, Indian philosophy: A Brief Historical Overview, the Ancient Period of Indian Philosophy)
- (Grayling 2019, Indian Philosophy)
- (Pooley & Rothenbuhler 2016, p. 1468)
- (Andrea & Overfield 2015, p. 71)
- ↑ 13.0 13.1
- (Perrett 2016, The Ancient Period of Indian Philosophy)
- (Ruether 2004, p. 57)
- ↑
- (Perrett 2016, The Ancient Period of Indian Philosophy)
- (Vallely 2012, pp. 609–610)
- (Gorisse 2023, Lead Section)
- ↑
- (Phillips 1998, p. 324)
- (Perrett 2016, Indian Philosophy: A Brief Historical Overview)
- (Glenney & Silva 2019, p. 77)
- ↑
- (Perrett 2016, Indian Philosophy: A Brief Historical Overview, The Classical Period of Indian Philosophy, The Medieval Period of Indian Philosophy)
- (Glenney & Silva 2019, p. 77)
- (Adamson & Ganeri 2020, pp. 101–102)
- ↑
- (Perrett 2016, The Medieval Period of Indian Philosophy)
- (Dalal 2021, Lead Section, 2. Metaphysics)
- (Menon, Lead Section)
- ↑
- (Ranganathan, 4. Rāmānuja's Soteriology)
- (Kulke & Rothermund 1998, p. 139)
- (Seshadri 1996, p. 297)
- (Jha 2022, p. 217)
- ↑
- (Perrett 2016, Indian Philosophy: A Brief Historical Overview, the Modern Period of Indian Philosophy)
- (EB Staff 2023)
- ↑
- (Banhatti 1995, pp. 151–154)
- (Bilimoria 2018, pp. 529–531)
- (Rambachan 1994, pp. 91–92)
- ↑
- (Grayling 2019, Philosophy in the Twentieth Century)
- (Livingston 2017, 6. 'Analytic' and 'Continental' Philosophy)
- (Silverman & Welton 1988, pp. 5–6)