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Cold War

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Cold War uu term hae jiske United States aur Soviet Union ke biich me ke 45-saal ke period jon ki World War II ke ant se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 1945 se 1989 ke time hae. Cold War duusra larrai ke rakam nai rahaa kahe ki duuno des ke army logan ek dusre se nai larre rahin , lekin ii time ii duuni des ke khatir aur des larrai karat rahin.

Background

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United States aur iske Western European mitr des maangatr rahin ki uulog ke biich me sambandh aur tagrree bane aur aur uulog ek containment policy ke kaam me laae ke Soviet influence ke barrhe se roke maangat rahin; uulog iske karin rahaa NATO ke banae ke, jon 1949 ke ek atm rakchhaa waala samjhautaa rahaa. Iske badle me, 1955 me, Soviet Union Warsaw Pact banais rahaa, jiske natija Eastern Bloc rahaa. Ii time talak Soviet Union ke armed presence aur political domination puura eastern satellite states me rahaa, aur Warsaw Pact ke koi khaas jaruri nai rahaa. [1] Jab ki naam khaatir ii defensive alliance rahaa, Warsaw Pact ke khaas kaam Soviet domination Eastern European satellites des ke consolidate karna, aur ii pact ke sidha military actions aapan own member states ke virodh me rahaa jon jon soviet influence ke kamti kare maangat rahin;[2] 1960s me, ii pact evolve hoy ke ek multilateral alliance banaa rahaa, jisme non-Soviet Warsaw Pact aapan chij kare sakat rahin. 1961 me, Soviet-allied East Germany Berlin Wall ke banais rahaa, jisse East Berlin ke log ke West Berlin bhaage se roka jaae sake, jon uutime United States-allied West Germany ke hissa rahaa.[3]

1991 me, Russian Federation Soviet Union's successor state banaa rahaa, jab dher duusra republics puura ajaad hoe gay rahin.[4]

Containment, Truman Doctrine, Korean War (1947–1953)

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Iron Curtain, Iran, Turkey, Greece, and Poland

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"Iron Curtain" ke bachaa hissa, Czech Republic me, 2014 me

February 1946 me, George F. Kennan ek telegram me, jiske Moscow se Washington bheja gais rahaa, US government ke hard line against the Soviets ke sanjhais rahaa, jon US strategy toward the Soviet Union ke basis rahaa. Ii telegram policy debate ke galvanise kar diis rahaa, aur ii baad me Truman administration ke Soviet policy ke shape karis rahaa.[5] Washington ke Soviets ke virodh, aur jaada bhais Stalin aur Molotov ke tuuta waada, Europe aur Iran ke baare me, ke baad.[6] World War II ke baad, Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran bhais rahaa, aur ii des ke Red Army far north me occupy karis rahaa aur British south ke occuoy karis rahaa.[7] Iran ke kaam me laae ke, United States aur British Soviet Union ke larrai ke time supply karat rahin, aur Allies maan gay rahin ki uulog Iran se, larrai ke chhe mahina baad nikal jaine. [7] Lekin jab ii time aais tab Soviets Iran me rahe gain, Azerbaijan People's Government aur Kurdish Republic of Mahabad ke guise ke niche.[8] 5 March me, pahile ke British prime minister, Winston Churchill aapan famous "Iron Curtain" waala bhasan diis rahaa, (Fulton Speech) jisme uu Anglo-American alliance Soviets ke virodh me ke maabg karis rahaa, jiske uu "iron curtain" jon Europe ke vibhajit karat rahaa, ke banae ke aarop lagais rahaa.[9][10]

Ek haptaa baad, 13 March, Stalin jorr se jawaab diis, ii bol ke ki Churchill ke Adolf Hitler se compare karaa jaae sake hae, jahaan talak uuu racial superiority of English-speaking nations ke aarop lagais rahaa, jisse ki uulog aapan dunia ke dominate kare ke bhuuk ke satisfy kare sake, aur aisan declaration "a call for war on the USSR" rahaa. Soviet leader ii aarop ke dismiss karis ki USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere aapan sphere ke des pe aur jaada control lagaawat rahaa. He argue karis ki surprisong nai rahaa ki "the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, [was] trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries."[11][12]

European military alliances
European economic blocs

Soviet Union Turkey ke territory pe demand karis rahaa Dardanelles ke baare me, Turkish Straits crisis aur Black Sea border disputes barrte tension ke khaas kaaran rahaa. [13][14] September me, Soviets Novikov telegram ke produce karin, jiske Soviet ambassador US ke lage bhejis rahaa, lekin jiske likhe me Vyacheslav Molotov ke haanth rahaa; jisme US ke dekhaawa gais rahaa ki uu aisan des hae jon monopoly capitalists ke pakarr me rahaa aur jon aapan sena ke aur taagatwar karat rahin "to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war".[15] 6 September 1946 me, James F. Byrnes ek speech Germany me deliver karis jisme uu Morgenthau Plan (a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany) ke virodh karis aur Soviets ke chetauni diis ki US maange hae military presence Europe me, sab din rakkhe.[16][17] Jaise Byrnes ek mahina baad bolis rahaa, "The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ..." December me, the Soviets Iran se nikle ke agree hoy gain US ke persistent pressure ke kaaran, jon containment policy ke pahila vijay rahaa.

1947 talak, US president Harry S. Truman gussae gais rahaa Soviet Union ke demands Iran, Turkey, aur Greece pe, aur Soviet Union ke rejection Baruch Plan nuclear weapons pe.[18] February 1947 me, British sarkar announce karis ki uu ab Kingdom of Greece ke larrai Communist-led DSE ke virodh me, Greek Civil War ke finance nai kare sake hae.[19] Wahii mahina, Stalin 1947 Polish legislative election karweais rahaa jon Yalta Agreement ke breach karat rahaa. US government responded karis, ek policy of containment adopt kar ke[20] jiske gaol rahaa communism ke failao ke rokna . Truman ek speech diis jisme uu $400 million maangis ki America larrai me join kare aur Truman Doctrine ke unveil karis, jon frame karis rahaa larrai ke a contest between ajaad log aur totalitarian regimes.[20] American policymakers Soviet Union ke accuse karin ki uulog Greek royalists ke virodh me conspire kare hae aapan kosis me, expand Soviet influence ke khaatir, jab Stalin Communist Party ke batais ki uu British-backed sarkar se cooperste kare.[21][22][23]

Truman Doctrine ke kaaran ek US bipartisan defense aur foreign policy consensus Republicans aur Democrats ke biich me, focus karis rahaa containment aur deterrence jon Vietnam War ke baad kamjor parr gais rahaa, lekin baad me chalte rahaa. [24] Europe ke moderate aur conservative parties, aur social democrats bhi, Western alliance ke uncnditional support de rahin,[25] jab European aur American Communists, jiske KGB finance karat rahaa aur jasusi me lagaa rahaa, [26] Moscow ke policy ke follow karat rahaa, lekin 1956 ke baad virodh suruu hoe lagaa. Ii consensus ke aur virodh kare waala log me anti-Vietnam War activists, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, aur anti-nuclear movement rahaa.[27]

References

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  1. ↑ Crump 2015, pp. 1, 17.
  2. ↑ Crump 2015, p. 1.
  3. ↑ Reinalda 2009, p. 369.
  4. ↑ "INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation". 23 November 2003. Archived from the original on 2003-11-23.
  5. ↑ "This Day in History: George Kennan Sends "Long Telegram"". Truman Library Institute. 22 February 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  6. ↑ Hasanli 2014, pp. 221–222.
  7. 1 2 Sebestyen 2014.
  8. ↑ Kinzer 2003, pp. 65–66.
  9. ↑ Schmitz 1999.
  10. ↑ Harriman 1987–1988.
  11. ↑ McCauley 2008, p. 143.
  12. ↑ "Interview to "Pravda" Correspondent Concerning Mr. Winston Churchill's Speech". Marxists Internet Archive. March 1946. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  13. ↑ Hasanli 2014, pp. 221-222.
  14. ↑ Roberts 2011.
  15. ↑ Kydd 2018, p. 107.
  16. ↑ Gaddis 2005, p. 30.
  17. ↑ "Secretary of State James Byrnes. Restatement of Policy on Germany. September 6, 1946". usa.usembassy.de. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  18. ↑ Milestones: 1945–1952.
  19. ↑ Iatrides 1996, pp. 373–376.
  20. 1 2 Gaddis 2005, pp. 28–29.
  21. ↑ Gerolymatos 2017, pp. 195–204.
  22. ↑ LaFeber 1993, pp. 194–197.
  23. ↑ Gaddis 2005, p. 38.
  24. ↑ Paterson 1989, pp. 35, 142, 212.
  25. ↑ Moschonas 2002, p. 21.
  26. ↑ Andrew & Mitrokhin 2000, p. 276.
  27. ↑ Crocker, Hampson & Aall 2007, p. 55.
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