Chola raaj-kul

Chola raaj-kul^[1], ek Tamil raaj-kul (dynasty) rahaa, jon India ke dakchhin me suruu bais rahaa. Jab ii sab se taagatwar rahaa tab ii Chola Samrajya ke uppar raaj karat rahaa. Chola Samrajya ek barraa samudri samrajya rahaa. Itihaas me, sab se pahile Chola ke baare me, Ashoka ke Maurya Samrajya pe raaj ke time, likha gais rahaa. Chola Samrajya, 9th century me sab se taagatwar rahaa. Ii Chera raaj-kul aur Pandya raaj-kul ke saathe puraana Tamil ilaaka ke ek raaj-kul rahaa. Ii raaj-kul 13th century talak laabu rahaa.

Chola raaj-kul ke heartland Kaveri Naddi ke upjao valley me rahaa. Ii log India ke peninsula me, Tungabhadra Naddi ke south ke ek des 907 se lae ke 1215 talak, banaae rahin.^[2] Rajaraja I aur uske baad ke Rajendrai, Rajendra ii, aur Kulothunga Chola I, ke niche ii South Asia aur Southeast Asia ke ek sainik, economik air sankritik powerhouse rahaa.^[3]

Suruwaat

Chola log ke baare me 7th century se pahile ke koi likha gais saabuut nai hae. Chola log ke ke baare me khaas jaankari, Sangam jamaana ke puraana Tamil literature se mile hae. Kuchh aur jaankari bataawa gais kahaani, dharmik pustak, template aur copperplate ke lekh se aais hae. Biich waala jamaana ke Chola log ke ek lambaa aur puraana wans (lineage) rahaa. Chola log ke baare me Ashoka ke Edicts me bataawa jaawe hae kaaheki ii Mauyria Samrajya ke dakchhin ke parrosi rahin.^[4]^[5] Chola log Mauryan Samrajya ke niche nai rahin, lekin duuno ke biich me achchhaa ristaa rahaa. Chola log ke des, town, port aur commerce ke baare me Ptolemy bhi likhis rahaa. Mahavamsa, ek Buddhist pustak, jiske 5th century me likha gais rahaa, me Chola log aur Sri Lanka ke biich me dher larrai 1st century BC me, ke baare me likha gais hae.^[6]

Chola log ke duusra naam me hae Choda,Killi (கிள்ளி), Valavan (வளவன்), Sembiyan (செம்பியன்) aur Cenni.^[7] Killi saait Tamil kil (கிள்) se aais hae, jiske matlab hae khodo jon ii batae hae ki uulog jamiin pe kaam karat rahin. Ii sabd, puraana Chola naam me dher kaam me laawa jaawe hae, jiase Nedunkilli aur Nalankilli, lekin baad ke jamaana me iske kaam me nai laawa jaawe hae. Valavan saait "valam" (வளம்) se aais hae – jiske matlab hae upjao des, nai to jamiin ke malik. Sembiyan ke matlab Shibi ke descendant hae – ek legendary hero jiske atm-balidaan ek kabutar ke ek falcon se bachaae ke kahaani puraana Chola kahaani me hae aur the Jataka ke Buddhism ke baare ke khissa me bhi hae. Tamil me Chola ke matlab Soazhi nai to Saei hae, jon ek nawaa kingdom ke denote kare hae, Pandya nai to puraana des ke rakam.^[8] Cenni ke Tamil me matlab Muurr hae.

References

↑ (in en) The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1993. pp. 441. ISBN 978-0-85229-571-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=MjwuAAAAMAAJ.
↑ K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p 157
↑ Keay 2011, p. 215.
↑ "KING ASHOKA: His Edicts and His Times". www.cs.colostate.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-07.
↑ Ma. Ile Taṅkappā, Ā. Irā Vēṅkaṭācalapati. Red Lilies and Frightened Birds. Penguin Books India, 2011. p. xii.
↑ John Bowman,Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, p.401
↑ Kalidos, Raju. History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule. Vijay Publications, 1976. p. 43.
↑ Archaeological News A. L. Frothingham, Jr. The American Journal of Archaeology and the History of the Fine Arts, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. 69–125

[1] (in en) The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1993. pp. 441. ISBN 978-0-85229-571-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=MjwuAAAAMAAJ.

[sastri5-2] K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p 157

[FOOTNOTEKeay2011215-3] Keay 2011, p. 215.

[4] "KING ASHOKA: His Edicts and His Times". www.cs.colostate.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-07.

[5] Ma. Ile Taṅkappā, Ā. Irā Vēṅkaṭācalapati. Red Lilies and Frightened Birds. Penguin Books India, 2011. p. xii.

[6] John Bowman,Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, p.401

[7] Kalidos, Raju. History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule. Vijay Publications, 1976. p. 43.

[8] Archaeological News A. L. Frothingham, Jr. The American Journal of Archaeology and the History of the Fine Arts, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. 69–125

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