Chandarma

Chandarma
	Chandarma ke ngiich waala side, lunar north pole uppar hae
Designations
Designation	Earth I
Alternative names	Luna; Selene (poetic); ; Cynthia (poetic);
Adjectives	Lunar; Selenian (poetic); Cynthian ; (poetic); Moonly (poetic);
Symbol	or
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000
Perigee	362600 km; (356400–370400 km)
Apogee	405400 km; (404000–406700 km)
Semi-major axis	384399 km (1.28 ls, 0.00257 AU)
Eccentricity	0.0549
Orbital period (sidereal)	27.321661 d; (27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 s)
Orbital period (synodic)	29.530589 d; (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)
Average orbital speed	1.022 km/s
Inclination	5.145° to the ecliptic
Longitude of ascending node	Regressing by one revolution; in 18.61 years
Argument of perigee	Progressing by one; revolution in 8.85 years
Satellite of	Earth
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	1737.4 km ; (0.2727 of Earth's)
Equatorial radius	1738.1 km ; (0.2725 of Earth's)
Polar radius	1736.0 km ; (0.2731 of Earth's)
Flattening	0.0012
Circumference	10921 km (equatorial)
Surface area	3.793×107 km2 ; (0.074 of Earth's)
Volume	2.1958×1010 km3 ; (0.02 of Earth's)
Mass	7.346×1022 kg ; (0.0123 of Earth's)
Mean density	3.344 g/cm3; 0.606 × Earth
Surface gravity	1.622 m/s2 (5.32 ft/s2)0.1654 g0
Moment of inertia factor	0.3929±0.0009
Escape velocity	2.38 km/s; (8600 km/h; 5300 mph)
Synodic rotation period	29.530589 d; (29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s; synodic;; solar day) (spin-orbit locked)
Sidereal rotation period	27.321661 d (spin-orbit locked)
Equatorial rotation velocity	4.627 m/s
Axial tilt	1.5424° to ecliptic; 6.687° to orbit plane; 24° to Earth's equator ;
North pole right ascension	266.86°;
North pole declination	65.64°
Albedo	0.136
Surface absorbed dose rate	13.2 μGy/h; (during lunar daytime)
Surface equivalent dose rate	57.0 μSv/h; (during lunar daytime)
Apparent magnitude	−2.5 to −12.9(mean full moon);
Absolute magnitude (H)	0.2
Angular diameter	29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	10−7 Pa (1 picobar) (day); 10−10 Pa (1 femtobar) ; (night);
Composition by volume	He; Ar; Ne; Na; K; H; Rn;

Chandarma (pratiik: ) uu chij hae jon ki dunia ke parkramaa kare hae. Ii 28 se 29 din me dunia ke ek dafe parikrama kare hae. Ii dunia se, average me, 384,000 km (238,900 mi) duur hae.

Iske wajan, agar dunia se copare karaa jaae, khaali dunia ke 1,2% hae. Iske diameter 3,474 km (2,159km) hae, jon dunia ke quarter hae. Ii saur mandal ke paanshwaa sab se barraa chandarma hae.^[8] Iske surface ke gravity dunia se compare haali one-sixth hae, aur Mars se compare, khaali aadha hae aur solar sustem ke cjandarma me se duusra sthan me hae ( Jupiter ke lo chandarma ke baad. Chandarma me koi hydrosphere, atmosphere aur magnetic field nai hae. Ii 4.51 saal pahile banaa rahaa.

Chandarma ke surface me me lunar dust hae aur isme dher pahaarr, crater hae. Chandarma me sab time ghaam rahe, uu time ke chhorr ke jab lunar eclipse rahe hae.^[9]

Chandarma ke banaawat

Saur mandal (solar system) ke bane ke 50 million saal baad chandarma banaa rahaa.^[10]^[11]

Chand ke Albedo aur Asli Rang

Chand ka dikhaawa uske paravartan gun aur satah ke banawat par depend karta hai. Chand ka albedo lagbhag 0.12^[12] hai, jo purana asphalt ke barabar hai. Isliye, raat ke aasman mein yeh chamakdaar lagta hai, lekin asal mein yeh kaafi andhera hai. Yeh kam albedo Chand ke regolith ke wajah se hai, jo patle pathar ke tukdon ki ek parat hai, jo meteorite ke takkar se bani hai. Regolith mein roshni ka bikherna "opposition surge" ka phenomenon produce karta hai, jisse Chand poornima mein quarter phase ke mukable bahut zyada chamakdaar dikhta hai.

Chand ka asli rang, bina atmosphere ke effect ke, halki bhoora-sirala^[13] hai. Yeh regolith mein silicate mineral ke wajah se hai, jisme darker basaltic plains (maria) aur lighter feldspar-rich highlands hain. Maria, jo purane volcanic flow se bani hain, unmein zyada iron aur titanium hota hai, jisse unka rang darker lagta hai. Prithvi se dekha jaye to Chand ka rang atmosphere ke wajah se badal sakta hai, jaise lunar eclipse mein yeh lal dikh sakta hai ya kabhi kabhi volcanic particles ke wajah se neela bhi dikh sakta hai.

Chand retro-reflection bhi dikhata hai, jo roshni ko uske source ki taraf wapas bhejta hai aur disc ke upar uniform brightness create karta hai, bina kisi significant limb darkening ke. Uska apparent size aur brightness uske elliptical orbit ke wajah se vary karta hai, perigee par yeh apogee ke mukable 30% zyada chamakdaar aur 14% bada dikh sakta hai, is phenomenon ko "Supermoon" kaha jata hai.

Kabhi kabhi Chand lal ya neela dikh sakta hai. Lunar eclipse ke dauran yeh lal dikhta hai, kyunki surya ki lal spectrum ki roshni Chand par Prithvi ke atmosphere se refract hoti hai. Is lal rang ke wajah se lunar eclipses ko kabhi kabhi blood moon bhi kaha jata hai. Chand low angle par aur thick atmosphere ke through bhi lal dikh sakta hai.

Chand neela bhi dikh sakta hai, agar hawa mein kuch certain particles maujood hain, jaise volcanic particles, in case ise blue moon kaha jata hai.

Kyonki "red moon" aur "blue moon" shabd kabhi kabhi saal ke specific full moon ke liye bhi use hote hain, yeh hamesha red ya blue moonlight ke present hone ko indicate nahi karte.

Duusra Websites

The Dark Side of the Moon Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback Machine

References

↑ Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Lemoine, Frank G. (January 1, 1997). "Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar". Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (E1): 1601. doi:10.1029/96JE02940. ISSN 0148-0227.
↑ Terry, Paul (2013). Top 10 of Everything. Octopus Publishing Group Ltd. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-600-62887-3.
↑ Makemson, Maud W. (1971). "Determination of selenographic positions". The Moon 2 (3): 293–308. doi:10.1007/BF00561882.
1 2 Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Bowell, Edward G.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; Courtin, Régis; Fukushima, Toshio; Hestroffer, Daniel et al. (2010). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 109 (2): 101–135. doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4. http://astropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/28fd9e81-1964-44d6-a58b-fbbf61e64e15/WGCCRE2009reprint.pdf. Retrieved September 24, 2018. also available "via usgs.gov" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
1 2 Bugby, D. C.; Farmer, J. T.; O’Connor, B. F.; Wirzburger, M. J.; C. J. Stouffer, E. D. Abel (January 2010). "Two-Phase Thermal Switching System for a Small, Extended Duration Lunar Surface Science Platform". AIP Conference Proceedings. pp. 76–83. Bibcode:2010AIPC.1208...76B. doi:10.1063/1.3326291. hdl:2060/20100009810. Missing or empty |url= (help)
1 2 "First measurements of the radiation dose on the lunar surface". Science Advances 6 (39). 2020. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz1334. PMC 7518862. PMID 32978156. "We measured an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of 13.2 ± 1 μGy/hour ... LND measured an average dose equivalent of 1369 μSv/day on the surface of the Moon".
↑ "Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies". IMCCE. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
↑ Metzger, Philip; Grundy, Will; Sykes, Mark; Stern, Alan; Bell, James; Detelich, Charlene; Runyon, Kirby; Summers, Michael (2021). "Moons are planets: Scientific usefulness versus cultural teleology in the taxonomy of planetary science". Icarus. 374: 114768. arXiv:2110.15285. Bibcode:2022Icar..37414768M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768. S2CID 240071005
↑ "Is the 'full moon' merely a fallacy?". NBC News. February 28, 2004. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
↑ Thiemens, Maxwell M.; Sprung, Peter; Fonseca, Raúl O. C.; Leitzke, Felipe P.; Münker, Carsten (July 2019). "Early Moon formation inferred from hafnium-tungsten systematics". Nature Geoscience 12 (9): 696–700. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0398-3. PMC 7617097. PMID 39649009.
↑ "The Moon is older than scientists thought".
↑ Moon Albedo
↑ What is the Colour of the Moon?

[1] Smith, David E.; Zuber, Maria T.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Lemoine, Frank G. (January 1, 1997). "Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar". Journal of Geophysical Research 102 (E1): 1601. doi:10.1029/96JE02940. ISSN 0148-0227.

[2] Terry, Paul (2013). Top 10 of Everything. Octopus Publishing Group Ltd. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-600-62887-3.

[3] Makemson, Maud W. (1971). "Determination of selenographic positions". The Moon 2 (3): 293–308. doi:10.1007/BF00561882.

[report-4] 1 2 Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Bowell, Edward G.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; Courtin, Régis; Fukushima, Toshio; Hestroffer, Daniel et al. (2010). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 109 (2): 101–135. doi:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4. http://astropedia.astrogeology.usgs.gov/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/28fd9e81-1964-44d6-a58b-fbbf61e64e15/WGCCRE2009reprint.pdf. Retrieved September 24, 2018. also available "via usgs.gov" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2018.

[Bugby_et_al_2010-5] 1 2 Bugby, D. C.; Farmer, J. T.; O’Connor, B. F.; Wirzburger, M. J.; C. J. Stouffer, E. D. Abel (January 2010). "Two-Phase Thermal Switching System for a Small, Extended Duration Lunar Surface Science Platform". AIP Conference Proceedings. pp. 76–83. Bibcode:2010AIPC.1208...76B. doi:10.1063/1.3326291. hdl:2060/20100009810. Missing or empty |url= (help)

[surface-radiation-6] 1 2 "First measurements of the radiation dose on the lunar surface". Science Advances 6 (39). 2020. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz1334. PMC 7518862. PMID 32978156. "We measured an average total absorbed dose rate in silicon of 13.2 ± 1 μGy/hour ... LND measured an average dose equivalent of 1369 μSv/day on the surface of the Moon".

[IMCCE-7] "Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies". IMCCE. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.

[8] Metzger, Philip; Grundy, Will; Sykes, Mark; Stern, Alan; Bell, James; Detelich, Charlene; Runyon, Kirby; Summers, Michael (2021). "Moons are planets: Scientific usefulness versus cultural teleology in the taxonomy of planetary science". Icarus. 374: 114768. arXiv:2110.15285. Bibcode:2022Icar..37414768M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768. S2CID 240071005

[9] "Is the 'full moon' merely a fallacy?". NBC News. February 28, 2004. Archived from the original on June 1, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.

[10] Thiemens, Maxwell M.; Sprung, Peter; Fonseca, Raúl O. C.; Leitzke, Felipe P.; Münker, Carsten (July 2019). "Early Moon formation inferred from hafnium-tungsten systematics". Nature Geoscience 12 (9): 696–700. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0398-3. PMC 7617097. PMID 39649009.

[Age-11] "The Moon is older than scientists thought".

[12] Moon Albedo

[13] What is the Colour of the Moon?

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v • d • e Saur mandal (Solar System)

Suraj • Heliosphere	Grah (Planets) ☾ = Chaand ∅ = rings		Budhgrah (Mercury)	Sukhgrah (Venus)	Dunia (Earth) ☾	Mangalgrah (Mars) ☾

			Brahaspati (Jupiter) ☾ ∅	Sanigrah (Saturn) ☾ ∅	Arungrah (Uranus) ☾ ∅	Varungrah (Neptune) ☾ ∅

	Bauna grah (Dwarf planet)		Ceres	Pluto ☾	Haumea ☾	Makemake

			Eris ☾

	Small Solar System bodies	Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	Groups and families: Vulcanoids · Near-Earth asteroids · Asteroid belt Jupiter Trojans · Centaurs · Neptune Trojans · Asteroid moons · Meteoroids · Pallas · Juno · Vesta · Hygiea ·
		Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	See also the list of asteroids.

		Trans- Neptunians	Kuiper belt – Plutinos: Orcus · Ixion – Cubewanos: Varuna · Quaoar · Huya
		Trans- Neptunians	Scattered disc: Sedna

		Jhaarru	Lists of periodic and non-periodic comets Damocloids · Hills baadal · Oort baadal
See also the list of solar system objects