Arabic script

Arabic script
Arabic script;
Script type	Abjad primarily, alphabet
Time period	3rd century CE to the present
Direction	Right-to-left
Official script	20 sovereign states Co-official script in: 9 sovereign states Official script at regional level in: 2 sovereign states United Nations;
Languages	See below
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic Phoenician Aramaic Nabataean Arabic script; ; ; ; ;
Child systems	N'Ko; Hanifi script; Persian alphabet
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Arab (160), Arabic
Unicode
Unicode alias	Arabic
Unicode range	U+0600–U+06FF Arabic; U+0750–U+077F Arabic Supplement; U+08A0–U+08FF Arabic Extended-A; U+0870–U+089F Arabic Extended-B; U+10EC0–U+10EFF Arabic Extended-C; U+FB50–U+FDFF Arabic Pres. Forms-A; U+FE70–U+FEFF Arabic Pres. Forms-B; U+1EE00–U+1EEFF Arabic Mathematical...; U+1EC70–U+1ECBF Indic Siyaq Numbers; U+1ED00–U+1ED4F Ottoman Siyaq Numbers; U+10E60–U+10E7F Rumi Numeral Symbols;
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Worldwide use of the Arabic script
Arabic alphabet world distribution
Des jisme Arbii akchhar hae:
	→	khaali ek sarkari script
	→	sarkari, duusra script ke saathe
	→	sarkari provincial level me (China, India, Tanzania) nai to sarkari bhasa (Malaysia, Tajikistan) ke ek duusra recognized script hae

Arabic script likhe ke system hae jiske Arbii bhasa (Arbii akchhar) aur dher aur Asia aur Africa ke bhasa ke likha jaawe hae. Ii dunia ke duusra sab se jaada kaam me laawe waala alphabetic writing system hae ( Latin akchhar) ke baad,^[2] dunia ke duusra sab se jaada kaam me laawe waala writing system hae agar ketna des iske kaam me laawe hae ke dekha jaawe tab, (Latin and Chinese akchhar) ke baad.^[3]

Ii script ke sab se pahile Arbii bhasa ke likhe khaatir kaam me laawa gais rahaa, khaas kar ke Quran, Islam ke holy book. Jab Islam faila tab iske kaam me laae ke dher bhasa ke likha jaae lagaa, jiske kaaran isme aur nawaa akchhar aur chinh jorra gais rahaa. Aisan bhasa jon abhi talak ii akchhar ke kaam me laae hae me hae Arbii, Persian (Farsi aur Dari), Urdu, Uyghur, Kurdish, Pashto, Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Sindhi, Azerbaijani (Torki, Iran me), Malay (Jawi akchhar), Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese and Indonesian (Pegon script), Balti, Balochi, Luri, Kashmiri, Cham (Akhar Srak),^[4] Rohingya, Somali, Mandinka, aur Mooré.^[5] 16th century talak iske, kuchh Spanish texts , aur 1928 me Ataturk ke reform se pahile ii Turkish ke writing system rahaa.^[6]

Ii script ke right to left, cursive style me likha jaae hae, jisme jaada akchhar ke different rakam se likha jaawe hae, jon ispe nirbhar hae ki uu akele hae nai to aage waala nai to piichhe waala akchhar se joined hae. Ii script unicase me likha jaae hae aur isme distinct capital or lowercase letters nai hae.^[7] Jaada cases me akchhar consonants ke transcribe kare hae, nai to consonants aur kuchh vowels, jiske kaaran Arabic alphabets abjads hae, aur kuchh versions jisme kuch bhasa ke likha jaawe hae, jaise Sorani dialect of Kurdish, Uyghur, Mandarin, aur Bosniak, alphabet hae. Ii Arabic calligraphy ke basis hae .

Itihaas

Arabii akchhar, Nabataean akchhar se aais hae ]^[8]^[9] nai to (jiske kamti biswas karaa jaawe hae) sidhe Syriac akchhar se,^[10] jon duuno Aramaic akchhar se aais hae, jon, baad me, Phoenician akchhar se aais hae. Phoenician akchhar se Greek akchhar aais hae (aur, tab, duuno Cyrillic akchhar aur Latin akchhar jiske North America, ;;South America]]] aur jaada Europe ke des me kaam me laawa jaawe hae.

Origins

6th aur 5th centuries BCE me, northern Arab tribes migrate hoe ke Petra, Jordan ke lage ek kingdom suruu kare rahin. Ii log (jiske abhi Nabataeans bola jaawe hae ) Nabataean Arabic , ek Arbii bhasa ke dialect, me baat karat rahin. 2nd nai to 1st centuries BCE me,^[11]^[12] pahila jaana gais Nabataean akchhar ke Aramaic language (jon communication aur trade ke bhasa rahaa) me likha gais rahaa, lekin isme kuchh Arbii bhasa ke features rahaa: Nabataeans aapan bhasa ke likhat nai rahin. Uu log ek rakam ke Aramaic akchhar me likhat rahin, jon evolve hote rahaa; ii dui rakam ke hoe gais: ek inscriptions ke khaatir (jiske "monumental Nabataean" bola jaawat rahaa) aur duusra, jaada cursive aur jiske jaldi likha jaawat rahaa akchhar ke jorr ke papyrus ke likhe ke khaatir.^[13] II cursive dhire-dhire badal ke Arbii akchhar ban gais.

↑ Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 559. ISBN 978-0195079937.
↑ "Arabic Alphabet". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
↑ Vaughan, Don. "The World's 5 Most Commonly Used Writing Systems". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2023-07-29. Retrieved 2023-07-29.
↑ Cham romanization table background. Library of Congress
↑ Mahinnaz Mirdehghan. 2010. Persian, Urdu, and Pashto: A comparative orthographic analysis. Writing Systems Research Vol. 2, No. 1, 9–23.
↑ "Exposición Virtual. Biblioteca Nacional de España". Bne.es. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
↑ Ahmad, Syed Barakat. (11 January 2013). Introduction to Qur'anic script. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-11138-9. OCLC 1124340016.
↑ Gruendler, Beatrice (1993) (in en). The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century According to Dated Texts. Scholars Press. pp. 1. ISBN 9781555407100. https://books.google.com/books?id=65kOAAAAYAAJ&q=origin.
↑ Healey, John F.; Smith, G. Rex (2012-02-13). "II - The Origin of the Arabic Alphabet" (in en). A Brief Introduction to The Arabic Alphabet. Saqi. ISBN 9780863568817. https://books.google.com/books?id=fDohBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1.
↑ Senner, Wayne M. (1991) (in en). The Origins of Writing. U of NebraskaPress. pp. 100. ISBN 0803291671. https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4xAlunCSEC&pg=PA100.
↑ "Nabataean abjad". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
↑ Naveh, Joseph. "Nabatean Language, Script and Inscriptions" (PDF).
↑ Taylor, Jane (2001) (in en). Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans. I.B.Tauris. pp. 152. ISBN 9781860645082. https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC&pg=PA152.

[1] Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 559. ISBN 978-0195079937.

[2] "Arabic Alphabet". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-16.

[3] Vaughan, Don. "The World's 5 Most Commonly Used Writing Systems". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2023-07-29. Retrieved 2023-07-29.

[4] Cham romanization table background. Library of Congress

[5] Mahinnaz Mirdehghan. 2010. Persian, Urdu, and Pashto: A comparative orthographic analysis. Writing Systems Research Vol. 2, No. 1, 9–23.

[6] "Exposición Virtual. Biblioteca Nacional de España". Bne.es. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2012-04-06.

[7] Ahmad, Syed Barakat. (11 January 2013). Introduction to Qur'anic script. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-11138-9. OCLC 1124340016.

[8] Gruendler, Beatrice (1993) (in en). The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century According to Dated Texts. Scholars Press. pp. 1. ISBN 9781555407100. https://books.google.com/books?id=65kOAAAAYAAJ&q=origin.

[9] Healey, John F.; Smith, G. Rex (2012-02-13). "II - The Origin of the Arabic Alphabet" (in en). A Brief Introduction to The Arabic Alphabet. Saqi. ISBN 9780863568817. https://books.google.com/books?id=fDohBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1.

[10] Senner, Wayne M. (1991) (in en). The Origins of Writing. U of NebraskaPress. pp. 100. ISBN 0803291671. https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4xAlunCSEC&pg=PA100.

[11] "Nabataean abjad". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-03-08.

[12] Naveh, Joseph. "Nabatean Language, Script and Inscriptions" (PDF).

[13] Taylor, Jane (2001) (in en). Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans. I.B.Tauris. pp. 152. ISBN 9781860645082. https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC&pg=PA152.

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