1917 ke Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution of 1917 dui revolution rahaa jisse Russia ke Tsarist autocracy ke khalaas kar ke Soviet Union suruu karaa gais rahaa. Pahila revolution February 1917 me rahaa. Iske baad Czar ke raj ke jagha ek Provisional government banawa gais rahaa. Duusra revolution October me rahaa jiske baad Bolsheviks log Provisional government ke hatae ke communist Russia banain.

Background

Russian Revolution of 1905 khaas kaaran rahaa Revolutions of 1917 ke. 1905 ke Bloody Sunday ke kaaran des bhar me log protest kare rahin aur sipahi log mutiny kare rahin. Ii garrbarri ke kaaran majuur log iske ek majuur ke council, St. Petersburg Soviet ke banae rahin.^[1] Jab 1905 Revolution ke aakhri me kuchal dewa gais rahaa, aur St. Petersburg Soviet ke neta log ke arrest kar lewa gais rahaa, jon baad ke Petrograd Soviet aur duusra revolutionary movements 1917 talak, ke groundwork lay karis rahaa. this laid the groundwork for the later 1905 Revolution ke kaaran Duma (parliament) bhi banaa rahaa jon baad me Provisional Government following February 1917 ke banais rahaa.^[2]

Russia ke kharaab performance 1914–1915 me, ke kaaran dher complaints Tsar Nicholas II aur the Romanov family, ke uppar directed rahaa. Khaali kuchh din ke patriotic nationalism khalaas hoe gais larrai me haar aur Eastern Front of World War I me kharaab conditions ke kaaran. Tsar prastithi ke aur kharaab kar diis jab uu Imperial Russian Army ke 1915 me direct control le liis, ek kaam jiske khaatir uske koi hunnar nai rahaa. Ab uske log personally dos dewat rahin Russia ke continuing defeats aur losses ke khaatir. Iske alaawa, Tsarina Alexandra, jon raaj karat rahii jab Tsar front pe rahaa, Germany me paida bhae rahii, jiske kaaran log uspe sak karat rahin, jon aur kharaab hoe gais jab rumors failaa ki uske controversial mystic Grigori Rasputin se kuchh sambandh rahaa. Rasputin ke influence ke kaaran kharaab ministerial appointments karaa gais rahaa aur corruption jaada bhais rahaa, jiske kaaran Russia ke bhittar ke prastithi aur kharaab hoe gais rahaa.^[2]

Jab Ottoman Empire, Central Powers ke bagal se, October 1914 me larrai me bhaag le lagaa, tab Russia Russia ke khaas trade route Mediterranean Sea talakband hoe gais rahaa, jiske kaaran economic crisis aur munitions shortages aur kharaab hoe gais rahaa. Yahii time, Germany dher munitions banaawat rahaa aur duuno two major battlefronts pe larrai karat rahaa.^[3]

Vladimir Lenin, jon Soviet Union ke suruu karis rahaa aur Bolshevik party ke neta.

Leon Trotsky, Red Army ke suruu kare waala aur October Revolution ke ek khaas jan.

Larrai ke time ke kharaa prastithi ke kaaran morale Russian army aur general population me bahut niche gir gais rahaa. Ii cities me jaada dekhaawat rahaa, kaaheki khaana ke kami rahaa, disruption of agriculture ke kaaran. Khaana ke kami Russia me ek khaas problem hoe gais rahaa, lekin iske kaaran kharaab fasal nai rahaa, jon larrai ke time bahut badla nai rahaa Iske khaas kaaran sarkar rahaa, ijon larrai ke bhare ke khaatir dher paisa chaapis rahaa, aur 1917 talak, inflation ke kaaran chij ke daam chaar guna barr gais rahaa, 1914 ke mukaable me. Kisan ke bhi kharchaa jaada hoe gais rahaa, lekin aamdani me koi badlao nai rahaa. Iske kaaran uu log grain ke bacjae ke rakkhe lagin aur subsistence farming pe laut gain. Ii rakam se city me sab time khaana ke kami rahaa. Yahii time, chij ke daam barrhe ke kaaran, majuur jin factory me kaam karat rahin aur jaada talab ke maang kare lage rahin aur January aur February 1916 me, revolutionary propaganda, jon kuchh had talak Germany se fund karaa gais raha, ke kaaran dher strikes bhais rahaa. Iske kaaran sarkar ke burrai aur hoe lagaa, jisme increased participation of majuur revolutionary parties me bhi rahaa.

Liberal parties ke jaada platform mila aapan complaints ke batae ke, kaaheki suruu me larrai ke popularity ke kaaaran Tsarist sarkar variety of political organizations ke allow karis rahaa. July 1915 me, ek Central War Industries Committee ke banaawa gais rahaa chairmanship of prominent Octobrist, Alexander Guchkov (1862–1936) ke niche, jisme 10 majuur ke representatives rahaa. Petrograd Mensheviks agree karin join hoe ke despite the objections of their leaders abroad. Ii sab activity gave renewed encouragement to political ambitions, aur September 1915 me, ek combination of Octobrists aur Kadets Duma me, ek responsible government ke banae ke maang karin, jiske Tsar reject kar diiis.^[4]

Ii sab kaaran se sarkar me biswas khalaas hoe gais rahaa, raaj kare waala class me bhi, aur ii larrai bhar aur kharaab hote rahaa. 1916 ke suruu me, Guchkov discuss karis rahaa senior army officers aur members of the Central War Industries Committee se, ki ek coup karaa jaae aur Tzar ke pad se nikle ke majboor karaa jaae. December me, nobles ke ek chhotaa gut assassinated Rasputin, aur January 1917 me Tsar ke cousin, Grand Duke Nicholas, ke indirectly Prince Lvov puchis ki ka uu rajgaddi aapan nephew, Tsar Nicholas II, se le ke taiyaar hae. Ii sab ghatna apne se February Revolution ke kaaran nai rahaa, lekin ii sanjhae hae ki monarchy survived only a few days after khaali kuchh din talak survive karis jab revolution suruu hoe gais rahaa. ^[4]

Yahii time Socialist Revolutionary leaders jon exile me rahin, jisme se dher Switzerland me rahat rahin, bath ke dekhat rahin the collapse of international socialist solidarity. French aur German Social Democrats aapan sarkar ke larrai ke effort ke support kare rahin. Georgi Plekhanov, Paris me ek violently anti-German stand adopt karis rahaa, jab Alexander Parvus ke samarthan karis rahaa , kaaheki uu sochat rahaa ki sab se achchhaa marg hae jisse Russia me revolution ke endure karaa jaae sake. TMensheviks largely maintained ki Russia ke apne ke Germany se defend kare ke right rahaa, jab Julius Martov (ek prominent Menshevik), jon aapan groip ke left me rahaa, demand karis ki larrai ke khatam karaa jaae aur ek samjhautaa on the basis of national self-determination, bina annexations aur indemnities ke.^[4]

Martov rahaa jiske bichaar jaada rahaa ek manifesto me jiske Leon Trotsky (at the time a Menshevik) likhis rahaa, ek conference me, Zimmerwald me, jiske 35 Socialist leaders, September 1915 me attend kare rahin. Jaise sab sochat rahin, Vladimir Lenin jiske Zinoviev aur Radek support kare rahin, strongly contested them. Ii log ke attitudes ke Zimmerwald Left ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. Lenin, duuno defence of Russia aur cry for peace, ke reject aris rahaa. 1914 ke autumn se, uu insist karis rahaa ki "from the standpoint of the working class and of the labouring masses the lesser evil would be the defeat of the Tsarist Monarchy"; larrai ke ek civil war of the proletarian soldiers against their own governments me badal de ke chaahi, aur agar ek proletarian jiit bhais Russia me, tab ii uulog ke duty hae ki ek revolutionary war for the liberation of the masses Europe bhar me wage karaa jaae.^[5]

Economic aur samajik badlao

Ek sahaj theory of property, jisme dher kisan log biswas kare hae, rahaa ki jammin ke uulog ke khaatir rahe ke chaahi jon uspe kaam kare hae. Yahii time, kisan ke jindagi aur sanskriti badalte rahaa. Badlao ke kaaran rahaa jaada gaon ke kisan ke to and from industrial aur urban jagha jaae ke, lekin city sanskriti ke gaon me faile se, material goods, the press, aur word of mouth se.^{[nb 1]}

References

↑ Wood 2004, p. 18.
1 2 Perfect; Ryan; Sweeny (2016). Reinventing Russia. Collingwood: History Teachers Association of Victoria. ISBN 978-1-8755-8505-2.
↑ Wood 2004, p. 24.
1 2 3 Wood 2004, p. 25.
↑ Wood 2004, p. 26.

↑ For recent research on peasants, see Worobec, Christine (1955). Peasant Russia: Family and Community in the Post Emancipation Period. Princeton University Press.; Frank, Stephen P., ed. (1994). Cultures in Flux. Princeton University Press.; Engel, Barbara Alpern (1994). Between the Fields and the City: Women, Work, and Family in Russia, 1861–1914. Cambridge. https://archive.org/details/betweenfieldscit0000enge.; Burds, Jeffrey (1998). Peasant Dreams and Market Politics. Pittsburgh.; Frank, Stephen (1999). Crime, Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914. University of California at Berkeley Press..

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[FOOTNOTEWood200418-1] Wood 2004, p. 18.

[:0-2] 1 2 Perfect; Ryan; Sweeny (2016). Reinventing Russia. Collingwood: History Teachers Association of Victoria. ISBN 978-1-8755-8505-2.

[FOOTNOTEWood200424-3] Wood 2004, p. 24.

[FOOTNOTEWood200425-4] 1 2 3 Wood 2004, p. 25.

[FOOTNOTEWood200426-5] Wood 2004, p. 26.

[6] For recent research on peasants, see Worobec, Christine (1955). Peasant Russia: Family and Community in the Post Emancipation Period. Princeton University Press.; Frank, Stephen P., ed. (1994). Cultures in Flux. Princeton University Press.; Engel, Barbara Alpern (1994). Between the Fields and the City: Women, Work, and Family in Russia, 1861–1914. Cambridge. https://archive.org/details/betweenfieldscit0000enge.; Burds, Jeffrey (1998). Peasant Dreams and Market Politics. Pittsburgh.; Frank, Stephen (1999). Crime, Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914. University of California at Berkeley Press..

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